La comunidad de software libre es importante que tenga consciencia que en el nuevo marco de servicios en la nube, para preservar la libertad del usuario y evitar la distribución del software como servicio (SaaS) sin distribuir el codigo fuente, existe licencias como Affero GPL que nos protege.
En teoría, un programa con licencias GPL podría ser "distribuido" como SaaS y evitar cumplir con los requisitos de la GPL.
Affero GPL v3
Why the Affero GPL
martes, 27 de noviembre de 2012
Licencias libres Creative Common
Cuando un autor se plantea utilizar una licencia Creative Common tiene que tener en cuenta que no todas son licencias son libres en el sentido del software libre.
Consideremos la lista de licencias Creative Common libres:
permissive
Reconocimiento (by): Se permite cualquier explotación
de la obra, incluyendo una finalidad comercial, así como la creación de
obras derivadas, la distribución de las cuales también está permitida
sin ninguna restricción.
strong copyleft
Reconocimiento - CompartirIgual (by-sa): Se permite el uso comercial de la obra y de las posibles obras derivadas, la distribución de las cuales se debe hacer con una licencia igual a la que regula la obra original.
Consideremos la lista de licencias Creative Common libres:
permissive
strong copyleft
Reconocimiento - CompartirIgual (by-sa): Se permite el uso comercial de la obra y de las posibles obras derivadas, la distribución de las cuales se debe hacer con una licencia igual a la que regula la obra original.
domingo, 25 de noviembre de 2012
Clausulas antipatentes en la licencias de SW libre
La licencias de software libre han tenido que ir adaptando sus clausulas para incluir clausulas antipantentes.
En GPL v2 se incluye la siguiente clausula en la sección 6:
You may not impose any further restrictions on the recipients' exercise of the rights granted herein. You are not responsible for enforcing compliance by third parties to this License.
En GPL v2 se incluye la siguiente clausula en la sección 7:
If, as a consequence of a court judgment or allegation of patent infringement or for any other reason (not limited to patent issues), conditions are imposed on you (whether by court order, agreement or otherwise) that contradict the conditions of this License, they do not excuse you from the conditions of this License. If you cannot distribute so as to satisfy simultaneously your obligations under this License and any other pertinent obligations, then as a consequence you may not distribute the Program at all. For example, if a patent license would not permit royalty-free redistribution of the Program by all those who receive copies directly or indirectly through you, then the only way you could satisfy both it and this License would be to refrain entirely from distribution of the Program.
En GPL v3 y Affero GPL v3 se incluye la siguiente clausula en la sección 10:
you may not impose a license fee, royalty, or other charge for exercise of rights granted under this License, and you may not initiate litigation (including a cross-claim or counterclaim in a lawsuit) alleging that any patent claim is infringed by making, using, selling, offering for sale, or importing the Program or any portion of it.
En GPL v3 y Affero GPL v3 se incluye la siguiente clausula en la sección 11:
A contributor's “essential patent claims” are all patent claims owned or controlled by the contributor, whether already acquired or hereafter acquired, that would be infringed by some manner, permitted by this License, of making, using, or selling its contributor version, but do not include claims that would be infringed only as a consequence of further modification of the contributor version. For purposes of this definition, “control” includes the right to grant patent sublicenses in a manner consistent with the requirements of this License.
En Apache License 2.0 se incluye la siguiente clausula en la sección 3:
Subject to the terms and conditions of this License, each Contributor hereby grants to You a perpetual, worldwide, non-exclusive, no-charge, royalty-free, irrevocable (except as stated in this section) patent license to make, have made, use, offer to sell, sell, import, and otherwise transfer the Work, where such license applies only to those patent claims licensable by such Contributor that are necessarily infringed by their Contribution(s) alone or by combination of their Contribution(s) with the Work to which such Contribution(s) was submitted.
If You institute patent litigation against any entity (including a cross-claim or counterclaim in a lawsuit) alleging that the Work or a Contribution incorporated within the Work constitutes direct or contributory patent infringement, then any patent licenses granted to You under this License for that Work shall terminate as of the date such litigation is filed.
En MPL 2.0 se incluye la siguiente clausula en la sección 5:
If You initiate litigation against any entity by asserting a patent infringement claim (excluding declaratory judgment actions, counter-claims, and cross-claims) alleging that a Contributor Version directly or indirectly infringes any patent, then the rights granted to You by any and all Contributors for the Covered Software under Section 2.1 of this License shall terminate.
En MPL 2.0 se incluye la siguiente clausula en la sección 2:
Each Contributor hereby grants You a world-wide, royalty-free, non-exclusive license: [...] under Patent Claims of such Contributor to make, use, sell, offer for sale, have made, import, and otherwise transfer either its Contributions or its Contributor Version.
Notwithstanding Section 2.1(b) above, no patent license is granted by a Contributor: [...] under Patent Claims infringed by Covered Software in the absence of its Contributions.
En GPL v2 se incluye la siguiente clausula en la sección 6:
You may not impose any further restrictions on the recipients' exercise of the rights granted herein. You are not responsible for enforcing compliance by third parties to this License.
En GPL v2 se incluye la siguiente clausula en la sección 7:
If, as a consequence of a court judgment or allegation of patent infringement or for any other reason (not limited to patent issues), conditions are imposed on you (whether by court order, agreement or otherwise) that contradict the conditions of this License, they do not excuse you from the conditions of this License. If you cannot distribute so as to satisfy simultaneously your obligations under this License and any other pertinent obligations, then as a consequence you may not distribute the Program at all. For example, if a patent license would not permit royalty-free redistribution of the Program by all those who receive copies directly or indirectly through you, then the only way you could satisfy both it and this License would be to refrain entirely from distribution of the Program.
En GPL v3 y Affero GPL v3 se incluye la siguiente clausula en la sección 10:
you may not impose a license fee, royalty, or other charge for exercise of rights granted under this License, and you may not initiate litigation (including a cross-claim or counterclaim in a lawsuit) alleging that any patent claim is infringed by making, using, selling, offering for sale, or importing the Program or any portion of it.
En GPL v3 y Affero GPL v3 se incluye la siguiente clausula en la sección 11:
A contributor's “essential patent claims” are all patent claims owned or controlled by the contributor, whether already acquired or hereafter acquired, that would be infringed by some manner, permitted by this License, of making, using, or selling its contributor version, but do not include claims that would be infringed only as a consequence of further modification of the contributor version. For purposes of this definition, “control” includes the right to grant patent sublicenses in a manner consistent with the requirements of this License.
En Apache License 2.0 se incluye la siguiente clausula en la sección 3:
Subject to the terms and conditions of this License, each Contributor hereby grants to You a perpetual, worldwide, non-exclusive, no-charge, royalty-free, irrevocable (except as stated in this section) patent license to make, have made, use, offer to sell, sell, import, and otherwise transfer the Work, where such license applies only to those patent claims licensable by such Contributor that are necessarily infringed by their Contribution(s) alone or by combination of their Contribution(s) with the Work to which such Contribution(s) was submitted.
If You institute patent litigation against any entity (including a cross-claim or counterclaim in a lawsuit) alleging that the Work or a Contribution incorporated within the Work constitutes direct or contributory patent infringement, then any patent licenses granted to You under this License for that Work shall terminate as of the date such litigation is filed.
En MPL 2.0 se incluye la siguiente clausula en la sección 5:
If You initiate litigation against any entity by asserting a patent infringement claim (excluding declaratory judgment actions, counter-claims, and cross-claims) alleging that a Contributor Version directly or indirectly infringes any patent, then the rights granted to You by any and all Contributors for the Covered Software under Section 2.1 of this License shall terminate.
En MPL 2.0 se incluye la siguiente clausula en la sección 2:
Each Contributor hereby grants You a world-wide, royalty-free, non-exclusive license: [...] under Patent Claims of such Contributor to make, use, sell, offer for sale, have made, import, and otherwise transfer either its Contributions or its Contributor Version.
Notwithstanding Section 2.1(b) above, no patent license is granted by a Contributor: [...] under Patent Claims infringed by Covered Software in the absence of its Contributions.
Licencias para tu código de software libre
Cualquier desarrollador se ha planteado alguna vez que licencia libre utilizar para liberar su código como software libre. A continuación se proporciona una lista (ni completa ni exhaustiva) que puede ayudar en un primer momento.
La licencia se suele poner en la cabeza de todos los ficheros si es pequeña, de lo contrario se puede poner un resumen y hacer referencia a otro fichero que contenga completamente la licencia. Se podría hacer referencia a una URL, pero se recomienda que esté incluida en los ficheros por la posibilidad de que ese enlace desaparezca en un futuro.
Comencemos con la lista.
0.1.- Academic/permissive - The ISC License - the shortest license
Copyright (c) Year(s), Company or Person’s Name <E-mail address>. All rights reserved.
0.2.- Academic/permissive - The Simplified (“2-clause”) BSD License
Copyright (c) <year>, <copyright holder>. All rights reserved.
Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
0.3.- Academic/permissive - The Apache License 2.0
/* Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
* contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file distributed with
* this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
* The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
* (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
* the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
*/
0.3.- Academic/permissive - The MIT License (MIT)
Copyright (c) <year>, <copyright holder>
Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person
obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation
files (the “Software”), to deal in the Software without restriction,
including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge,
publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software,
and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
subject to the following conditions:
The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
1.1.- Weak copyleft - The Mozilla Public License (MPL)
/*
* The contents of this file are subject to the Mozilla Public License Version
* 1.1 (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
* the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
* http://www.mozilla.org/MPL/
*
* Software distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" basis,
* WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the License
* for the specific language governing rights and limitations under the
* License.
*
* The Original Code is AUTHOR, released
* DATE
*
* The Initial Developer of the Original Code is
* AUTHOR
* Portions created by the Initial Developer are Copyright (C) YYYY
* the Initial Developer. All Rights Reserved.
*/
http://www.mozilla.org/MPL/
1.2.- Weak copyleft - The Lesser GPL (LGPL), version 3
Copyright (c) <year>, <copyright holder>
2.1.- Strong copyleft - The GNU GPL, version 3
Copyright (c) <year>, <copyright holder>
2.2.- Strong copyleft - The Affero GPL, version 3
Copyright (c) <year>, <copyright holder>
3.0.- Varias licencias (MPL, GPL, LGPL)
# Copyright (c) <year>, <copyright holder>
Referencias:
[1] Free Software licenses Legal Aspects – Master on Free Software 2012-13
La licencia se suele poner en la cabeza de todos los ficheros si es pequeña, de lo contrario se puede poner un resumen y hacer referencia a otro fichero que contenga completamente la licencia. Se podría hacer referencia a una URL, pero se recomienda que esté incluida en los ficheros por la posibilidad de que ese enlace desaparezca en un futuro.
Comencemos con la lista.
0.1.- Academic/permissive - The ISC License - the shortest license
Copyright (c) Year(s), Company or Person’s Name <E-mail address>. All rights reserved.
- Permission to use, copy, modify, and/or distribute this software for any purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all copies.
0.2.- Academic/permissive - The Simplified (“2-clause”) BSD License
Copyright (c) <year>, <copyright holder>. All rights reserved.
Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
- Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
- Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
0.3.- Academic/permissive - The Apache License 2.0
/* Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
* contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file distributed with
* this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
* The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
* (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
* the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
*/
0.3.- Academic/permissive - The MIT License (MIT)
Copyright (c) <year>, <copyright holder>
Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person
obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation
files (the “Software”), to deal in the Software without restriction,
including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge,
publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software,
and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
subject to the following conditions:
The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
1.1.- Weak copyleft - The Mozilla Public License (MPL)
/*
* The contents of this file are subject to the Mozilla Public License Version
* 1.1 (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
* the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
* http://www.mozilla.org/MPL/
*
* Software distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" basis,
* WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the License
* for the specific language governing rights and limitations under the
* License.
*
* The Original Code is AUTHOR, released
* DATE
*
* The Initial Developer of the Original Code is
* AUTHOR
* Portions created by the Initial Developer are Copyright (C) YYYY
* the Initial Developer. All Rights Reserved.
*/
http://www.mozilla.org/MPL/
1.2.- Weak copyleft - The Lesser GPL (LGPL), version 3
Copyright (c) <year>, <copyright holder>
This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
it under the terms of the Lesser GNU General Public License as published by
the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
(at your option) any later version.
This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
GNU General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the Lesser GNU General Public License
along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
2.1.- Strong copyleft - The GNU GPL, version 3
Copyright (c) <year>, <copyright holder>
This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
(at your option) any later version.
This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
GNU General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
2.2.- Strong copyleft - The Affero GPL, version 3
Copyright (c) <year>, <copyright holder>
This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
it under the terms of the Affero GNU General Public License as published by
the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
(at your option) any later version.
This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
GNU General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the Affero GNU General Public License
along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
3.0.- Varias licencias (MPL, GPL, LGPL)
# Copyright (c) <year>, <copyright holder>
2 # Version: MPL 1.1/GPL 2.0/LGPL 2.1
3 #
4 # The contents of this file are subject to the Mozilla Public License Version
5 # 1.1 (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
6 # the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
7 # http://www.mozilla.org/MPL/
8 #
9 # Software distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" basis,
10 # WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the License
11 # for the specific language governing rights and limitations under the
12 # License.
13 #
14 # The Original Code is Mozilla.
15 #
16 # The Initial Developer of the Original Code is
17 # the Mozilla Foundation <http://www.mozilla.org/>.
18 # Portions created by the Initial Developer are Copyright (C) 2007
19 # the Initial Developer. All Rights Reserved.
20 #
21 # Contributor(s):
22 # name <mail>
23 #
24 # Alternatively, the contents of this file may be used under the terms of
25 # either the GNU General Public License Version 2 or later (the "GPL"), or
26 # the GNU Lesser General Public License Version 2.1 or later (the "LGPL"),
27 # in which case the provisions of the GPL or the LGPL are applicable instead
28 # of those above. If you wish to allow use of your version of this file only
29 # under the terms of either the GPL or the LGPL, and not to allow others to
30 # use your version of this file under the terms of the MPL, indicate your
31 # decision by deleting the provisions above and replace them with the notice
32 # and other provisions required by the GPL or the LGPL. If you do not delete
33 # the provisions above, a recipient may use your version of this file under
34 # the terms of any one of the MPL, the GPL or the LGPL.
Referencias:
[1] Free Software licenses Legal Aspects – Master on Free Software 2012-13
lunes, 19 de noviembre de 2012
Legislación española sobre software libre
Ley 11/2007
La Ley 11/2007, de 22 de Junio, de Acceso Electrónico de los Ciudadanos a los Servicios Públicos establece medidas que fomentan la reutilización de sistemas y aplicaciones propiedad de la Administración, así como el intercambio y transferencia de tecnología a través de directorios actualizados de aplicaciones para su libre reutilización.
Ley 56/2007
La Ley 56/2007, de 28 de Diciembre, de Medidas de Impulso de la Sociedad de la Información, establece que CENATIC, en colaboración con el CTT, es el encargado de la puesta en valor y difusión de las aplicaciones declaradas de fuente abierta por las administraciones públicas. Además, CENATIC se encargará del asesoramiento jurídico, tecnológico y metodológico para la liberación de software.
Real Decreto 4/2010
El Real Decreto 4/2010, del Ministerio de Administraciones Públicas, de 8 de enero, por el que se regula el Esquema Nacional de Interoperabilidad en el ámbito de la Administración Electrónica, establece que antes de desarrollar un nuevo sistema o mejorar y actualizar los ya implantados, las administraciones deben considerar las soluciones disponibles que puedan satisfacer total o parcialmente las necesidades. Además, afirma que deberán procurar la publicación del código de las aplicaciones en desarrollo o finalizadas, en directorios para su libre reutilización con el fin de favorecer las actuaciones de compartir, reutilizar y colaborar, en beneficio de una mayor eficiencia. También establece que CENATIC podrá impulsar proyectos de software de fuentes abiertas dirigidos a la mejor implantación de las medidas de interoperabilidad, el fomento de la reutilización y la facilitación de la interoperabilidad.
Referencias:
[1] CENATIC
[2] BOE
La Ley 11/2007, de 22 de Junio, de Acceso Electrónico de los Ciudadanos a los Servicios Públicos establece medidas que fomentan la reutilización de sistemas y aplicaciones propiedad de la Administración, así como el intercambio y transferencia de tecnología a través de directorios actualizados de aplicaciones para su libre reutilización.
Ley 56/2007
La Ley 56/2007, de 28 de Diciembre, de Medidas de Impulso de la Sociedad de la Información, establece que CENATIC, en colaboración con el CTT, es el encargado de la puesta en valor y difusión de las aplicaciones declaradas de fuente abierta por las administraciones públicas. Además, CENATIC se encargará del asesoramiento jurídico, tecnológico y metodológico para la liberación de software.
Real Decreto 4/2010
El Real Decreto 4/2010, del Ministerio de Administraciones Públicas, de 8 de enero, por el que se regula el Esquema Nacional de Interoperabilidad en el ámbito de la Administración Electrónica, establece que antes de desarrollar un nuevo sistema o mejorar y actualizar los ya implantados, las administraciones deben considerar las soluciones disponibles que puedan satisfacer total o parcialmente las necesidades. Además, afirma que deberán procurar la publicación del código de las aplicaciones en desarrollo o finalizadas, en directorios para su libre reutilización con el fin de favorecer las actuaciones de compartir, reutilizar y colaborar, en beneficio de una mayor eficiencia. También establece que CENATIC podrá impulsar proyectos de software de fuentes abiertas dirigidos a la mejor implantación de las medidas de interoperabilidad, el fomento de la reutilización y la facilitación de la interoperabilidad.
[1] CENATIC
[2] BOE
sábado, 17 de noviembre de 2012
Uso correcto en desarrollo de software de código con licencia BSD
Hay que tener en cuenta las siguientes limitaciones:
- Si en código no se modifica se tiene que mantener la licencia BSD, esto implica mantener el encabezamiento del fichero con el autor(s) y la licencia BSD. No se puede eliminar la licencia ni el autor.
- Igualmente si el cambio del fichero ha sido mínimo o poco relevante se debe mantener la cabecera con la licencia y el autor(s), indicando los cambios realizados y el autor.
- Si los cambios son significativos, y por lo tanto una obra derivada, se debe licenciar como el nuevo autor considere, por ejemplo GPL, pero no se puede eliminar ni las autoria ni la licencia anterior. A continuación se indica una manera de hacerlo con la licencia
* Copyright (c) 2007 GPL Project Developer Who Made Changes <gpl@example.org>
*
* This le is free software: you may copy, redistribute and/or modify it
* under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the
* Free Software Foundation, either version 2 of the License, or (at your
* option) any later version.
*
* This le is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
* WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
* MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
* General Public License for more details.
*
* You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
* along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses>.
*
* This le incorporates work covered by the following copyright and
* permission notice:
*
* Copyright (c) YEARS LIST, Permissive Contributor1 <contrib1@example.net>
* Copyright (c) YEARS LIST, Permissive Contributor2 <contrib2@example.net>
*
* Permission to use, copy, modify, and/or distribute this software
* for any purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided
* that the above copyright notice and this permission notice appear
* in all copies.
*
*/ [1]
Importante hacer notar que esto sólo aplica cuando se distribuye el nuevo programa, ya que es cuando aplica el licenciamiento.
Referencias:
[1] Asignatura de Aspectos Legales del Master Software Libre impartida por Miguel Vidal en URJC 2012.
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